Occupational Health And Safety And Risk Management Construction Essay

Occupational Health And Safety And Risk solicitude Construction EssayThe principles of the fresh frame pretend ar to reduce essay by requiring tout ensemble s take inholders to eliminate or minimize the risk of infections they created in utilisationplace, instill greater ownership of Occupational Health and Safety standards, thus, the focus go on alone be then be shifted from honouring with prescriptive requirements to make employers suited to their crabby situations in order to obtain desired synthetic rubber outcomes and lastly, pr notwithstandingting accidents through higher(prenominal) penalties for ridiculous safety and wellness managementDuties of employersEvery employers duty is to take necessary measures to ensure the safety and health of his employees and people who whitethorn be touch by his instructions level off though they be not his employees in the makeplace.The measures necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons at work include, providin g and maintaining a safe environment, without risk to health, ensuring adequate safety measures are taken in respect of whatever machinery, equipment, plant, article or change utilize by his employees and employees are not exposed to menaces arising out of the arrangement, disposal, manipulation, organization, processing, storage, transport, operative or use of thing under the chasten of the employer. Developing and implementing procedures dealing with emergencies that whitethorn arise spell those persons are at work and ensuring that employees at work have adequate instruction, information, training and supervision as is necessary for them to exercise their work. Every employer is required by the regulations, giving to people whom are not his employees the prescribed information or so details in which he conducts his labour as this might affect their safety or health while those employees are at his workplace.Duty of WorkersOccupational Health and Safety requires workers to comply with all safety and health standards that apply to their daily requirements on the job. Employees should meet the employers safety and health rules and use all necessary opposeive gears and equipments and quest after safe work practices for the job channelizeed by the employer. Employees should newspaper publisher all hazardous conditions to a supervisor or safety committee and report hazardous conditions to relevant authorities, if employers do not fix them.Duties of everyone at workplaceEveryone in the workplace is to provide protection when required, any suit up to(p) protective tools, for his use alone or for use by him in super acid with otherwises, for securing his safety, health while at workplace and to co-operate with his employer or any other person to such extent that pull up stakes enable his employer to comply with the edible of the puzzle out. No employees at workplace shall wilfully or reck littlely substitute with or misuse any appliance, prote ctive clothing, convenience, equipment or other bureau or thing provided pursuant to any requirement under this Act for securing the safety, health of persons at workplace. Any employee who wilfully or recklessly does any act which endangers the safety or health of himself or others shall be vile of an offence.Task 2 Identifying Hazards and Managing RiskA hazard is something which endangers people health or environment. Risk is the worryliness that the harm volition occur from exposure to the hazard. Accidents rate pass on increase if the management having the mindset of nothing testament go wrongThere might be some hazards in the working environment which are not obvious such as poor lightings, slippery floor and etc. Hence, Risk Management is decisive in all working environment. It allows the management to detect hazards early and pickings all precaution to prevent accidents from occurring. There are 5 move to perform risk management looking for Hazard, decide who might be harm and how, decide on maneuver measures, arrogate control in place and review the controlsLook for hazardManagement can liberty chit through the workplace and look for hazards in a systematic stylus looking at physical things and workplace activities, asking workers regarding hazards around them, conducting a safety audit and reviewing your workplace records such as sick leave and incident reports.Decide who might be harm and howEstimate the likelihood of an incident occurring at your workplace and the consequences if incident had occurred for each hazard. Management should quest employees in this assessment such as women who are pregnant or employees whom are not familiar in your workplace.Decide on control measuresMeasures should be implemented such as getting rid of the hazard or replacing it with a less stabbing or apply of protective equipments unless there is a provision that you must dramatize for special(prenominal) hazards.Put control in placeManagement need to throw off controls in place and supervise through a process of systematic observation to allow a feedback on the effectiveness of the new control measures compared to the seriousness of the risk which previously assessed.Review the ControlsReview the controls that you have put in place and makes make betterments if necessary.Task 3 Managing Psychosocial Hazards In workplacePsychosocial Hazards are issues obstructing to a persons psychological development in an environment. Issues like, work related centering cause by excessive overwork, violence, being bullied, mobbing and burnout. One of the most normal issues that occurred in a workplace is Work try out. There are assorted perspectives at looking on issue Stress. Stress can be looked as a form of motivation, allowing organizations to push employees to their limit and obtain the trounce process out of its employees and it can be also an issue which will affects employees health, performance as they will be less motivate d and less productive.Excessive demands and pressure can be ca utilise by a poor work design and poor management from an organization. Most cases of work tenseness are caused by how the work is designed and the way organizations are managed. Stress can affects different people in different way. Employees whom are affected by stress can become change magnitudely distressed and irritable, unavailing to relax or concentrate while working, having difficulty to think logically and making decisions and experience insomnia. In extreme cases, employees may not able to handle stress and do something that is unexpected which endangers the health of their colleagues or even themselves.If a large numbers of employees in an organization are affected, performance of the organization will also be affected. Organizations will experience employees increasing absenteeism and decreasing commitment to work, impairing performance and productivity, unsafe working environment and alter its image among its workers and externally. Organizations with such issues will not further affect its performance, it will also be less likely to succeed in a competitive market.Therefore, Human Resource Department needs to substantiate the brilliance of Work Stress in an Organization. Risk Management must be managed well in order to asses all possible risks in the working environment that have high possibilities causing damage to employees and the organization. The most effective method to find out the employees problems and why, is to question them directly as managers may have a different point of view from his employees most what are the causes of the problems.There is a strategy to solve the issue which is crucial for employer to understand is to prevent the problems, foresees problems. monitor employees satisfaction and health regularly, ensuring employees know whom to talk to about their problems and having the ability to give them a helping hand in their problems, hit them to the righ t channel when they are experiencing real difficulties. Managers should do a ensue up after a period of time and if necessary, revise your lift to work stress problems.A good employer not only designs and manages work in a way that avoids common risk factors for stress only if also to achieve a healthy working environment, minimize harmful aspects of work. Work can be a self-promoting activity as unyielding it takes place in a safe and health promoting environment.Task 4 Notifying, Reporting and Managing IncidentsImmediate corrective activities are used when an accident occurred and the avowedly nature was unknown. It is an activity that required a description of what had to be make after a problem had occurred and what are the actions were to be taken to prevent the same problem from happening.Direct CauseThe direct cause is the direct results in actions that most people do not do. Incidents should be investigated to bring out the cause of the incident. There are also tools to assist the investigation like 5 whys, cause and effect, fish bone diagram, design of experiment, simulations, process deconstructionism and analysis of design writ of execution.5 Whys5 Whys is a question-asking method used to understand the cause and effect of a particular problem. 5 Whys will lead you there but sometimes it will be more, and sometimes less.Based on the scenario, Tony was injured when he was attempting to clean the chute on the back of the truck and lost his balance and fell.Did the Company inform all concrete drivers the safety regulations and procedures to clean a truck?Yes. What are the reasons that Tony did not follow the Safety regulations and procedures?No. The Company should come up with safety regulations and procedures to clean a truck.Did all concrete drivers understand the safety regulations and procedures?Yes. The fraternity should impose a fine to allow the drivers to understand the importance to follow the safety regulations and procedures strictl y.No. The go with should simplify the handout or even translate into difference language for difference race of employees.lend FactorsContributing causes are those careless actions that result a direct cause. Such actions may not be sufficient to result in the event victorious place. Below are some examplesDrivers parked the truck on an abrasive road.Handbrake was not properly pulled.No proper footwear. rubber ActivityPreventive Activities are to prevent the same incident to occur and it can only be determined when direct and contributing factors have been identified. Solutions should be considered on its effectiveness and suitability to the company and its employees and is within the companys budget. It is better to consider about alternatives before choosing a solution and to correct the process for a immense term perspective instead of the short term.As a regorge usually takes years to complete, company should implement building a rank for drivers, allowing them to park the truck at their convenience and a stairs up to a floor whereby drivers are able to stand there to lavation their truck with a minimum risk.Follow-up ActivityFollow-up Activities allows company to have knowledge about whether the implementations are able to minimize risk or even any other improvements are required to achieve zero percentage of risk. Information from this process results in an effective rising of the Company.Surveillance and SupervisionSupervision of the implementation can be undertaken on a regular or periodic basis. It is to observe the performance of the implementation and ensuring drivers are using the new implementation with safety regulations and right procedures.MonitoringMonitoring the performance of the new implementation through a process of systematic observation and detect changes which are attributable to the new implementation.military ratingEvaluation is a review of its performance and effectiveness of a new implementation, looking at what the new imp lementation had achieved and what could be done to improve it.

Creation and Development of a Film Soundtrack

Creation and Development of a Film SoundtrackAbstractCinematic pur populateus be bring ind by image, converse, music and ripe, and the dev ice involved in creating an purlieual earpiecetrack practic tout ensemble(prenominal)y goesunnoticed by the image viewer. Soundscapes argon rarg lonesome(prenominal) and back argument they argon authorful storytelling vehicles in their bear right, of equal extensiveness to the visuals.This article examines the process of creating an environsal bottomtrack forcinema from the perspective of a big(a) caster. Particular attention is inclined tohow run is spend a pennyd and layered to enhance, embellish and mature the set downsnarrative.Using coetaneous Australian roughageisations, notably Australia (Baz Luhrmann, 2008) and cheerful Feet (George Miller, 2006), the article examines the assorted challenges increating an environmental punishingscape for near(prenominal) an bread and butter and a brave out reach exposu re.The films Avatar (James Cameron, 2009), Little Fish (Rowan Woods, 2005) and TheMagician (Scott Ryan, 2005) are likewise cited to play up variant preliminaryes toenvironmental repre directation in film weighed d have. While two Australia and cap up to(p) Feetrely on the landed estatescape and environment as constitutional storytelling comp sensationnts, the onset to creating their respective with child(p)scapes have a bun in the ovens not only intrinsicrecordings, but to a fault the insertion of umteen previously un come upond dependables employ false audio recording design.Keywords Sound design, Australian film, expertscape, environmental representation,animationIntroductionSoundscapes ware the talent to transcend the social and cultural barriers thatsometimes thwart language and stock-still music. Creating an environmental proceedtrack for cinema is as much a technical craft as it is an aesthetic art form.Often over sayinged by the audition, the pondero uss of the environment in m eachcontemporary films are based on the synthetic design and re excogitation of many another(prenominal)settings. Environmental vowelizescapes are some of the stringent intricate to create. Thecombination of image, dialogue, music and intelligent help create the boilersuit sound recordingtrack, however the film viewer is practically unaware of the intricacies andcraf bothrk employ in the creation of these aural environments. Further more than,narrative of the film is carefully considered in the creation of these environmentalsoundtrack elements.This article examines the process of creating an environmental soundtrack forcinema from the perspective of a sound designer who has worked in the Australianfilm industry for over 15 years (Fig 1). The articles focus is on the use ofenvironmental recordings and sound effect to create a ornament, as op besotd tothe use of dialogue and music in the soundtrack. Using two contemporaryAustralian films, intell ectual Feet (George Miller, 2006) and Australia (Baz Luhrmann,2008), this article examines the different creative process used for anenvironmental soundscape for an animation and a live action feature film.Figure 1 The source at work at Australian Clay Target Association, Wagga leaveicle accelerator Club, Wagga Wagga, Australia. (Photocourtesy of Tony Turner.)Soundscape DesignFrom earliest societies to contemporary musicians, sound has been an integral talk component to use up messages, express emotion and to tell astory. chat through and through the use of sound has been signifi appriset to humansocial evolution. Although talk language is the predominant form of transoniccommunication in our society, other oral and aural methods include rhythm,melody, percussion, humming, the mimicking of sounds through vocalisations and,in the modern era, by the recording and creation of music and sounds through theuse of technology. As David Sonnenschein states, by freehanded meaning to tone,sound becomes communication (2001, p. xix). Through the use of put down soundsand the creation of new-fangled sounds, the art of sound design has become an Copernicanapproach to harbour based storytelling.Although embellishs front to be subjective, creative liberty is frequently accustomed to theaural representation of these settings as required by the film narrative. While both beaming Feet and Australia rely on the beautify and environment as integralstorytelling components, the approach to creating their respective soundscapes requires not only natural recordings, but in any case synthetic sound design andcreation. Whether natural or synthetic, neither approach is less significant thanthe other. In this paper my exposition of natural recordings pertains to sounds that are created organically through such elements as undulates, ice, land mass, weewee, wolfs, vegetation and assorted other sounds naturally occurring without evidenceof human or industrial influenc e or activity.Difficulties such as accessibility and noise pollution make our about pristinelocations increasingly unmanageable to bewilder sonically. Although not always thepreferred method, synthetic aural environmental design go forth continue to develop asa necessary appendage to assist in crafting the aural illusion of cinematicenvironments. Using a recent trip to Mount Kosciusko as an example (Fig 2), I was impress at the amount of noise pollution tainting the sound recordings inwardly the subject area Park. Many of these sounds were distant sounds, including small yetsand agricultural sprinklers however they still managed to appear faintly in the telescope of some of the recordings. When used in the context of use of a film these edit recordings appear to be natural when set-back listened to by an reference, butthey are unaware of the use of equalisation, filtering techniques, frequency tidy sumcompression and other such technological solutions in eradicating this noise. Thisprocessing of the first recordings in turn transforms these natural recordingsto new artificially knowing put-on natural sounding environments.Figure 2 Yarrangobilly River, Kosciuszko National Park. (Photo courtesy of Carolean Candusso.)When the sound designer commences production on a film, they study theenvironmental landscape, location and the period in which the film is set. Thisbecomes the foundational building block of the soundtrack and determines theapproach to creating the overall narrative for the film through sound. In the filmmedium, sound design purposefully communicates to an listening through enter and created sounds that augment the onscreen visuals. In contemporarycinema, dialogue is the autochthonic auditory component used to convey a story,however the sound ecology of the landscape and the sound make are of equalimportance. Sound design does not merely copy what is happening on screen,it is an additional storytelling component. An example of th is occurs in Australia(Baz Luhrmann, 2008), in the pic where we first learn of the impending attackon Darwin by the Japanese. here for the first time a soft, almost whispering ofwind is listend. The plane approach has no engine sounds, only the sounds of thewings slicing through the air. This was a brief from the director who treasured thefirst plane to reduplicate a shark surfacing with only the fin piercing the watersurface. It is not until the plane is revealed and peels off to the right of screen thatwe start to hear the sound of an unquestionable engine, the roar of danger, the sound of anadvancing Zero threat. The sound does not give away the shot forrader we see theplane, in fact it adds to the curiosity. The sound of the wind makes the shaft evenmore threaten and, in this instance, the sound has foreshadowed the action on anemotional level before the visuals have presented it.In cinema history, advances in sound technology have given filmmakers theopportunity to tak e advantage of the creativity of sound and part with it to play anequally master(prenominal) role as the visuals in storytelling. As George Lucas has noted,Sound is 50 percent of the movie going experience (2004 online). Hollywood hasincreasingly relied on sound to contribute to the contemporary film backwashexperience. Audience expectations of sound taper greater emphasis on the craft ofsound design.Approaching the Task of Environmental Sound CreationWith many f instrumentalists contributing to the use of dependable sound recordings(including budget, handiness of personnel, deadlines etc.), a good deal sounds motivation to be pretended. These sounds whitethorn make up the entire soundtrack, or they may onlymake up elements of the soundtrack that blend with other recordings of demonstrableenvironmental sound. If the soundtrack is created well, it will not appear to be outof place and the audience will not be aware of any disparities. It is only when thesoundtrack jars t hat the audience is alerted to the sound and may question thelegitimacy or integrity of the sound sources. A fictitious alien landscape scene, forexample, containing recognisable sounds from our world may elicit a understanding ofdisbelief.When we see a storm onscreen, we routinely hear thunder when we see a dog, itoften barks a introduction usually creaks a car might skid when stopping and explosionsmay shake the room. There are many sound clichs consistently used in thecontemporary soundtrack. Through developments in cinema sound technology,many Hollywood film soundtracks are created to deliver what an audience expectsto hear, earlier than represent the actual sounds of the legitimate world. Also sounds arepared back from all of those that might be in a specific setting to accentuate thosemost relevant to the narrative. With the use of high timbre speakers with a massivefrequency response, the introduction of the various echo sound formats andpowerful computers with an se t about of software options, technology is allowing forgreater creativity and flexibleness in the soundtrack.The sound designer necessarily to balance between telling the story using the availabletools, and delivering a soundtrack that is credible for the story and setting. Whilethe overall soundtrack needs to be treated with careful consideration, so too shouldthe individual sound components that contribute to it. It is not uncommon for thesound designer and editors to interrogation the authenticity of various elements withinthe film to provide a guide as to the legitimacy of the sounds and the sound setsrequired. For example, if we see a shot of the Statue of Liberty, New York and, place of the sound of pigeons, the only birds we hear are kookaburras, theaudience will be distracted from the story, and continuity of the film will bedisrupted.In both well-chosen Feet and Australia, extensive research was conducted into theenvironments and locations of both film settings prior to the editing of any sound.Particular attention was given to the study of the wildlife, especially birds andinsects, and the seasons. Other research investigated the locations on a largerscale including the weather of polara-which notably does not develop thunder.Careful sound choice allows the audience to be placed within the depictedenvironment. At the commencement of sound post-production, one of the most importantpreparatory steps is to read the script or to honour abreast an edit of the film in its entirety.Depending on the film, the sound team may have the luxury of reading a scriptduring the film pre-production descriptor or in other instances a rough edit may begiven to the sound team to view almost right away after shooting has completed.In some instances they may be given both. Providing either a script or an early editof the film allows for the planning of the dramatic journey of the film, and themapping of the narrative dynamics through sound. This can be in the form ofphysically drawing a chart or a graph mapping the drama and dynamics of the filmover time. This allows careful plan of sounds to build up to the climacticscenes in the film, and then to use quiet moments to increase dramatic impact.Having a graphic representation of the film allows for the nuanced planning of thesoundtrack, which will follow and often assist the onscreen narrative. Dependingon the directors approach to the film, this method can also be helpful for creatingjuxtaposition between the onscreen drama and the aural drama. Sound has thepower to mark or soften a story depending on the directors decisions. HappyFeet has a scene depicting a leopard seal chasing the central protagonist, Mumble,underwater. collectable to the visual size and menacing teeth of the leopard seal the schoolmaster sounds edited for the scene had to be re-crafted to suit the targetedaudience of children. Many of the original growls were replaced by less aggressivegrunts, and more breaths were ad ded to soften the chase and viciousness of theantagonist. each film has its own challenges and requires its own approach to the sounddesign. Some films are created to chase reality and often contain sounds ofactual location sound recordings of what the audience is seeing on screen,recorded on set from the take locations. In the films Little Fish (Rowan Woods,2005) and The Magician (Scott Ryan, 2010) for which I was a sound effects editor,sound designer Sam Petty aimed to recreate the actual real sound of the locationsin both films. Petty retraced the shots of The Magician and recorded the filmlocations throughout Melbourne. On Little Fish I retraced and recorded many of thefilm location environments including several locations in Cabramatta, Sydney (Fig3). Both the Cabramatta ascertain station and the featured shopping mall are central toestablishing the locations within this film. Having to recreate these locations fromeither library sounds or unauthentic recordings would have b een real timeconsuming, and still may not provide the desired authenticity.It is important to note that the shooting schedule does not generally allow exuberanttime for the location sound crew to capture many sounds of locations duringfilming. The primary concern of the location sound recordist and crew is to capturethe dialogue and the actor performances. The audio post-production crew thenneed to seek permissions to re-record after sign filming, which requires furthertime and funding that are rarely include in the budget. In contrast to films like The Magician and Little Fish, many films require the use ofexotic, rare and even previously unheard or fabricated environmental sounds. Withthe increase in films based around visual effects, films can be located in fictionallands with only if contrived characters and creatures.Depending on the context of the film, an audience will have preconceived ideas ofwhat the sounds should be for particular(prenominal) scenes. This is the case even for alivefilms that are set in all told contrived locales. James Camerons Avatar (2009) is awell-cited contemporary example. No one has physically experienced this mythicalland of Pandora, although we have some scent out of what we would expect to hear,for example, by associating the forest with familiar rainforest, or by the carriageof certain creatures. The environmental sounds alone comprise many previouslyunheard insects, specific and unusual animate beings, other circumstance animalvocalisations, and types of vegetation.On make such as this it may be necessary to create entirely new sounds forthese new worlds. These original sounds may start their incarnation from therecordings of sounds from our own world or they may be completely synthesised.What is important is to keep these new sounds identifiable according to ourcurrent expectations. Some designing techniques for these new sounds mayinclude the followingtransforming existing sounds through the use of rig chan ging,equalisation, or any number of filtering processesusing specific recordings of rare or unusual sounds roueing or modifying electronics, machinery or vehiclespitching and combining various animal vocalisationsusing synthesis to create new sounds, and others.Although budget constraints will influence the approach to film sound design, sotoo does the availability and existence of-and access to-required sounds. Whencreating a sonic environment or landscape for a film, wherever it is set, it isimportant to consider what is real to the location, what seems real, and whatsounds the audience expects to hear. In summary, factors determining theapproach to the creation of the environments include whether the location exists inthe real world, whether environmental recordings were made during on-locationfilming, whether the plot line is located in a contemporary setting, and whetherfunds and safety allow the recording of the location.This leads to a discussion of two contemporary feature f ilms from the perspective ofa sound effects editor1. Produced on relatively big budgets for Australian featurefilms,2 both Happy Feet and Australia included a dedicated atmosphere soundeditor as part of the sound team. This role is often absor fill out by the sound effectseditor on smaller productions and lower budget projects. In both films, my soundeffect creation and editing drove the use of the environment as an integral storycomponent and, as such, I worked real closely with the atmosphere editors. Whatdistinguished my role from that of the atmosphere editor was that my portiontreated the landscape as a character. Working in sound effects, I specificallydesigned many sounds for both films with integrated and often highlighted storyelements associated with the environments.These films differ quite considerably and provide contrasting examples of sonicenvironment creation. The films are set in remarkable and distinctive locations Happy Feet is an inspire film set in south-pola ra, while Australia is a live action filmset in the Northern Territory, Australia.3 Both films pose varying degrees ofcomplexity in terms of their sonic environmental depictions on screen.Creating a Sound EnvironmentAs with the visuals, the sound for an animated film differs from live action film. With no actual filming on location, all characters are created, all sets are rendered,and all visuals are designed by animation artists. There is no cinematographer filming actors at an actual geographical location as with a live action film (althoughvoice acting is recorded for the animators). Sound recordings of the film setlocations are not captured as there is no filming on location.4 wherefore all soundenvironments need to be recorded and/or created from the ground up.1 In this article I focus on the environmental sounds, and a consideration of spot effects is a topic for a further study.2 According to the International Movie Database (IMDB.com) the budget for Happy Feet was $100,000 ,000(http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0366548/) and $130,000,000 for Australia (http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0455824/).3 Some scenes were shot in various locations in Northern Territory, northern Queensland and Sydneys Fox Studios.4 However some animators, notably Australian Yoram Gross, have used filmed bush background for the drawn characters.See Dot and the Kangaroo (1977) and other work.Screen Sound n3, 2012 128Happy FeetMillers academy Award winning Happy Feet tells the story of Mumble, an emperorpenguin who, instead of beingness able to sing, tap dances. The characters of the filmalso included many animated Antarctic animals, primarily penguins. Thecombination of an animated remote environment (Antarctica) and animatedanimals meant that every sound for this film had to be created.Through the use of exposit layers of sound, sound design is about creating a levelof believability. It is not rightful(prenominal) a matter of placing a single sound into a scene andhoping that the audie nce believes it. Ambiences in our everyday life are complex,with chaotic and sometimes even choreographed symphonies, with the land, thewind, animals, birds and vegetation all playing their tunes within a given space. Inaddition to these individual sounds, these acoustic spaces are important inrepresenting the onscreen landscape spaces.The challenge of creating such an unpolluted, isolated and dangerous atmospheremeant that the sound design had to be precise and untainted by unwantedbackground noises. As the budget didnt allow for a sound team to hold out andrecord actual Antarctic locations, climatic conditions and animal activities, we hadto rely on pre-existing sound recordings of Antarctica or recordings made in more well-disposed locations such as Thredbo ski resort in Australia and from somelocations in New Zealands South Island.With many shots depicting the rugged landscape of Antarctica, often the detailwithin the sound design can pass unnoticed. If we look specifically at LovelacesPile (Fig 4) the sounds can be unpacked to reveal removed more detail than what isinitially heard.Basic elementBreakdown of soundsWinds final stage up winds (flurries of hoodwink)Distant winds to give sense of spaceWind howling through iciclesSnowMovements on setback by penguinsMelting snowSnow falling off cliffs in the backgroundIce-land Mass(subtle)Movements of iceIce cracks and creaksIce thumpsAnimalsBackground penguin vocals near and farthermostBackground penguin endeavourTable 1 Landscape sounds in Lovelaces Pile scene in Happy FeetFrom this list the sound editor has 11 possible sets of sounds that may bedeployed to create the environmental backdrop for this scene. This excludes anycharacter or action related sounds it is only the ambient background.Without access to record authentic atmospheres, many of the sounds wererecorded or sourced from other locations in order to imitate the film set. Thesewould then be reconstructed as the sounds could vary entirely. We were well-offthat we had some actual recordings of Antarctica for the film. During production,supervising sound editor and sound designer, Wayne Pashley, sent a mini-discrecorder to the Antarctic and asked scientists to record sounds whilst doing theirfield studies. Unfortunately, the recording quality was not always film worthy asthe scientists are not trained sound recordists. Happy Feet did contain some actualsounds from Antarctica, although a high percentage of sounds were either non-Antarctic recordings or studio recordings created specifically for the film.The animal recordings from Antarctica were used where possible to create anunderlying realistic bed for the film. Some of the successful recorded sounds usedincluded those of elephant seals, adlie penguins, emperor penguins and even skuabirds. These beds of animal noises gave the background environment a sense ofreality upon which to layer the main characters. The main and featured animalswere often recreated using studio r ecordings and other sources of soundrecordings.Some of the successful Antarctic environmental recordings included icebergmovements, ice winds, and slushy icy water. These were also edited and usedwhere possible alongside additional created sounds. Again, these realisticenvironmental sounds were primarily employed to evoke a believable backgroundambience. To emphasise the size and weight of several of the large icebergs, visualiseled recording and studio techniques helped create such large masses. Thisincluded close microphone techniques and using dry-ice (liquid nitrogen) to kiboshlarge objects that we could then record being dragged across the floor. With therealistic Antarctic recordings serving as our bed, these additional recreated soundsbecame the embellishments and the dramatic highlights.As storytellers in our own right, creative liberty allowed for the reappropriation ofthese sounds. At times these sounds would be used only as a bed and thenadditional snow, ice and wind ele ments would be created and embellished to betterrepresent the onscreen visuals and the unfolding drama. Some of these soundscame from our own original Foley studio recording sessions using props to designsounds to be used to highlight onscreen action. An example of the studiorecordings included creating snow for the feet close-ups where the charactersdance on the snow. As we did not have access to snow, we recorded crushed ice,salt, cereal, sugar, sandpaper and several other props to mimic the sound of snow.Recording in a studio allowed us to create our sounds specifically for the particularscene. throughout the film, the seasons changed over a one-year cycle and wewanted to represent this as best we could through the changing environmentsounds. We had allocated recording days where we could record specific sounds ina very clean, precise manner. If we needful more grit in our snow we could justchange the elements we were recording, or if we take the snow to sound morewet we could just mix in some more water when required. We were not dictated bynatural resources. The other advantage of having these studio recording days wasthat we could record sounds specifically for the big screen. What I mean by this isthat we could record sounds specifically for the smother sound speakers. Usingthe close-up of feet on snow as an example, if a character flicked his/herflipper/foot in close-up, we could record different snow elements for the left, shopping malland right hand side of the flipper and have the debris snow crumbles pan back intothe surrounds. This would have been impossible to record with such preciseness asan actual performance in real life. By having control of individual sound elements,we were able to creatively challenge the cinema and screen space to highlight theenvironmental immersion.AustraliaSet during the Second World War, Australias storyline centres on a cattle drive inthe rugged terrain of northern Australia, as an English aristocrat travels acr ossharsh environments with her stock. From the opening moments, even before thefirst visual images, sound is used to position the audience of Australia. From theinitial fade in from black we begin to hear fairylike singing, native birds, insects,winds and the gradual swell of string instruments.In these opening scenes, the sounds of different winds, animals and insectsintertwine with an emotional journey across an environmental backdrop thattransforms, as the audience witness the death of Lord Ashley, from above groundand into the tiresome and mysterious murky underwater drones and whale song.Playing in slow-motion the images extract King George (David Gulpilil) telling Nullah(Brandon Walters) to make yourself invisible as the white fellas are herding cattleacross the river onto the Carney property. Although music is also playingconcurrently with the sound effects, the effects design specifically aims to makereference to Aboriginal dreamtime. As Lord Ashley is killed and falls to the waterabove Nullah with a spear through his chest, the water turns crimson, the soundhints that Lord Ashley has been killed by the people moving the cattle, the identicalpeople Nullah is also hiding from. Visually it isnt until we see the snakeskin bootof Neil Fletcher (David Wenham) that we overhear that he is the killer.Although the sounds chosen for this sequence are simple environmentalrecordings, what is important is the way in which they have been reappropriated toform part of the narrative. Through transformation, including pitch and othermanipulation techniques of the original recordings, these evolve into new, unheardofsounds that yet seem familiar.When designing such delicate sounds, much time was spent experimenting withthe creation of sounds that change unnoticeably from one sound into anotherthroughout the opening sequence. tonic frequencies, recording quality and mixingtechniques were constantly balanced and adjusted to create a single fluid flow ofenvironmental sounds. At the analogous time, although continually transforming, thesounds needed to contain characteristics of the original sound sources, allowingthe audience to combine the aural with the visual. Throughout Australia, designedsounds are used very subtly. boilers suit the film uses actual location and naturalsounds to convey the Australian landscape, with the designed sounds beingreserved for scenes with Nullah, the death of Daisy and for King George, as theserelate to the dreamtime and spirituality.With vast landscapes of Australias Northern Territory depicted throughcinematography, natural sounds are needed to convey the impact of theenvironment. Supervising sound editor and sound designer, Wayne Pashley,retraced many of the original locations in the film during the sound postproductionphase. Using a Soundfield ST350 ambisonic microphone, Pashley wasable to record in surround sound an entire three-dimensional landscape onlocation. Until recently, creating film surround soun d was only possible during thepost-production process, but this particular technology allowed for a pristine,natural recording of the environment. These recordings in surround were thendecoded, edited and used as beds for the atmosphere tracks of the film. PashleyobservedWe also wanted to be true to the landscape of Australia. So often in bigproductions like this, the sound design guys just reach for bushAtmosphere Number Three library effect or whatever, and everythingcomes out sounding the same. Also, what you hear is usually completelyunrelated to the environment you see on the screen. We wanted this to bedifferent. Australia is, I think, the first movie that sounds correct, that givesa true sense of how this country sounds. (cited in Soundfield, 2008online)With many scenes depicting broad vistas, having the atmospheres recorded insurround from the outset allows the sounds to reflect the vastness of the actuallocations. In sound editing, the atmosphere tracks are often edited fro m existingstereo recordings, frankincense limiting the detail within the acoustic space. In mostinstances, artificial reverb is introduced to make the sounds appear to be widerwithin the acoustic space. Recording in surround sound reduces the need for anduse of these contrived techniques.All animal sounds for Australia were purposely recorded for the film. Workingremotely and living in regional New South Wales, I was able to record many of theanimal vocalisations of cow and horses for the film at locales situated near where Ilive. The cows were particularly challenging to record as they are often difficult toget close to without them running away. Having the caudex saleyards proved tobe a very convenient way to record cows at close proximity. Also having so manycows in such a small space allowed the recording of mass group cows to be used inmany of the backgrounds. Situated within a livestock pen meant that the beastswere particularly vocal, which allowed for high quality recordin g and performanceand, later, for flexibility in editing their bellows.ConclusionOften overshadowed by dialogue and music, the environmental atmosphericsounds of a film are often overlooked by audiences. These aural landscapescomprise either actual recordings or synthetic recordings constructed toacoustically represent the onscreen locations. Both Happy Feet and Australia relyon the aural landscape environment as essential storytelling characters withineach film. Based on very distinct locations, the films differed notably in theapproaches to their environmental landscape sound design. In a generalcomparison Happy Feet featured far more inauthe

Discuss The Importance Of Service User Participation Social Work Essay

Discuss The Importance Of serve up User Participation Social Work EssayTraditionally, great deal experiencing intellectual wellness problems were removed from society and placed in asylums across the country, indefinitely (Thornicroft and Tansella, 2002, pp. 84-90). Patients inside the psychological wellness organisation were expected to take a compliant role in the management of their tuition and leave the finis making to the professionals. In todays society that is non the case. In this appointment the author lead begin by exploring the publication pot for multifariousness period questioning the main theme of this publication which is the grandeur of attend drug exploiter beguile group and the importance of empowering the overhaul drug substance abuser in the rational wellness system of Ireland (Ireland, Dept of Health Children, 2006). To empower the dish user requires the control of power to be transferred from the professionals to the now known Service User. The writer depart discuss the issue of this change and the importance of this change within the cordial health system. The cordial Health Act 2001 requested the closure of m either asylums and the move towards a partnership based framework of care. The deinstitutionalisation of m any perseverings and relocation back into the community required changes in the way the psychiatrical go for and benefit user operate.Evidence has shown the importance of value users familiarity in research, didactics and in practice by out the mental health care system. The writer in this assignment will discuss the importance of improvement user engagement in the delivery of psychiatric care for care, focusing on the nursing assessment using a holistic approach.Finally, the writer will discuss the importance of military service user participation in the last out stages of the nursing process the nursing diagnosis, outcomes, planning, implementation and evaluation while explor ing the hold for a therapeutic family between service user and psychiatric nurse to complete the nursing process successfully.With people experiencing mental health difficulties, who now reside in the community, it is live that service users become convolute in the nurture and delivery of mental health work, such as self-help services, drop-in centres, and in providing assistance with activities of daily living. The aim of this is to sensitise society to the study of integrating people with mental health difficulties back into community life.As quoted in a imagery for ChangeService users essential be at the centre of decision making at an individual train in terms of the services available to them, through to the strategic development of local services and national policy. To use a slogan of the deadening rights movement nothing about us, without us.To reduce the firebrand attached to people with mental health difficulties the term enduring was changed to service user, as versedly of the care they receive is provided in the community. The moral Health Act, 2001 suggests the term patient is used to describe someone who is involuntarily admitted. Patient does not wherefore refer to all individuals in an approved centre. In the Vision for Change it states that the correct way to describe someone with a mental health illness was to see the person before the illness, for example someone with anorexia nervosa was not to be described as an anorexic rather than as a person with anorexia nervosa. Stereotyping in mental health is as damaging as any other stereotype (Ireland, Dept of Health Children, 2006). People, who escort mental health difficulties, can be the experts through their own experience (Bee et al, 2008, pp. 442-447).Psychiatric nurses remain the largest staff group involved in the provision of mental health care, (Bee et al, 2008, pp. 442-447). Therefore, to ensure the mental health care service abides by legislation, it is vital for psy chiatric nurses to re-evaluate their role to ensure priority is given to including the service user. An Bord Altranais recommend that a holistic approach is adopted and it is listed as one of the requirements in nurse registration education programmes (An Bord Altranais, 2005). It is fundamental that the service user participates in the nursing assessment especially where the holistic modeling of assessment is used. The biopsychosocial model uses a holistic view, addressing the biological, psychological and social factors contributing to a persons mental health problems. According to Boyd (2004, p.190) it proposes a person-centred treatment approach which addresses each of these elements through an integrated care plan agreed with service users and their carers and involves participation of the service user throughout the assessment. This assessment requires the service user to answer a series of questions, some being of intimate nature about themselves. This enables the tax asse ssor to obtain relevant info required in making a nursing diagnosis. To ensure accurate nursing diagnosis it is critical that the services user listens carefully to the questions asked and is completely honest when answering the questions. This process likewise requires the service user to be patient while the assessor records the info received. However, it is important to remember that an initial assessment can occur when a service user is first admitted into psychiatric care. According to Boyd (2004, p.194) the assessor essential have empathy and an understanding of how difficult it is for a person to discuss intimate details of ones lifes to a complete stranger, even if it is in the persons best interest.Although the nursing assessment is the starting point of the nursing process, the writer feels that service users participation remains of equal importance throughout the nursing process. The freedom of discipline act 1997 requires that all services users can request access to any in holdation stored about them. While, it is now a legal requirement for service users to be involved at all stages of the nursing process, the writer suggests that it is overbearing that the service user is informed of the nursing diagnosis. This will empower the service user, by encouraging the service user to find relevant information regarding their diagnosis which can assist in them becoming experts of their own mental illness.Following the diagnosis it is required by law that the psychiatric nurses discuss all details of the outcome with the service user. The psychiatric nurse inevitably to ensure that the service users values and beliefs are priority when planning the outcome. If any treatment is deemed undeniable for the road to recovery, then it is compulsory that the service user is subject of understanding the set up of the treatment proposed, this requirement is stated downstairs the Mental Health Act, 2001the service user must be capable of understanding th e nature, purpose and likely effects of the proposed treatment and the consultant psychiatrist has given the patient adequate information in a form and language that the patient can understand, on the nature, purpose and likely effects of the proposed treatments (Section 56). Factors for consideration include the capacity to comprehend and decide, risks involved, patients wishes to be informed, the nature of the affair and the effects of information on the service user.The service user must be informed of the benefits of taking the medicinal drug prescribed, for what duration the medication is to be taken and what side affects may occur when taking the prescribed medication. Forcing an grudging inpatient to receive medication has been considered an unnecessarily coercive, traumatic, and even punitive round on a persons privacy. It has been stated that the patients refusal of medication is indicative of a pass between their experience and understanding of the medication and the intention of the prescribing physician. (Kaltiala-Heino et al, pp. 290-295) In todays mental health care system, many service users receive treatment in the community therefore, it is critical that services users listen to information regarding their prescribed medication while raising any concerns they may have.Planning and the implementation stages of the nursing process are not possible without the involvement of the service user. communication and agreement between the service user and the psychiatric nurse is necessary. electric potential obstacles need to be pointed out, and methods of overcoming these obstacles, discussed. Potential risk areas for the service user needfully to be discussed and a therapeutic risk assessment carried out by the psychiatric nurse to ensure the service user is not at risk or danger of harming themselves or others. Awareness of patients perceptions of their impaired tint of life gives psychiatric nurses important information for planning indiv idually betrothed interventions (Pitknen, A. et al, 2008, pp. 1598-1606).Finally, the evaluation stage evaluates client progress and reviews plans in accordance with evaluated selective information in consultation with the client. Evidence shows that the evaluation of a services users experience is of vital importance in shaping the future of service users outcomes within the mental health service. It similarly enables the psychiatric nurse to take the necessary steps required to ensure that the individual service user is conform to with the service received. The Department of Mental Health, UK stated that the experience of service users, including those from foul and minority ethnic groups, is a recognised national marker in the performance of the UK mental health services. In 2006, the UK National Service mannequin (NSF) in line with the Mental Health Unit of the Regional affair for Europe carried out a systematic review of empirical service user views and expectations of UK -registered mental health nurses. Feedback from this review was both positive and negative, with service users holding mental health nurses in high regard. However feedback also reveals that there was a strong need for nurses to be more good in interpersonal communication and relationship building, whilst spending more cartridge clip with the service user (Bee et al, 2008, pp. 442-447).Throughout the nursing process it is necessary for a therapeutic relationship to exist between the service user and the psychiatric nurse to. Relationships are central in fostering and maintaining hope (Byrne et al 1994). Psychiatric nurses are required to have a genuine interest in services users, listening in a non judgemental way to what is being said. In a user-led study evidence has shown service users identified the importance of therapeutic relationships and how they inform patient experiences. Communication was highlighted by all participants as necessary. One participant in the survey quote d As soon as you come they can see that you are angry. Then someone will say, sit down, lets talk about it, make a cup of tea. misfortune to show a therapeutic relationship between the service user and the psychiatric nurse can result in negative patient experiences. Participants identified coercion as the main reason for failure to establish a therapeutic relationship (Gilburt, H. et al, 2008).ConclusionThe writer in this assignment briefly exposed the treatment of patients within the mental health care prior to the introduction of the Mental Health Act 2001 and the publication of Vision for Change. Then, the writer discussed the major changes within the Mental Health Services as a result of this act and publication. The Mental Health Act 2001, pore on the closure of many asylums and a community based model of care to be adopted, however, both the Mental Health Act and the Vision for Change also focus on the importance of service user involvement and empowering the service user. The writer demonstrates how a new psychiatric and service user role was required to adapt to policy changes within the Mental Health Service and to ensure all parties were adapting to policy requirements that aims at service user involvement at all stages, thus empowering the service user. The writer reports how the publication Vision for Change also hoped at reducing stigma by aiming to involve services users in developing and delivering mental health services. The writer mentioned the importance of service user involvement in research, education and practice, while focusing on the practice area by exploring the nursing process, starting with the assessment. Evidence is clear that it is not possible for a psychiatric nurse, even with the necessary skills required to proceed with the nursing process without the participation of the service user at all stages. The writer concluded this assignment by exploring evidence which reveals that service users regard a therapeutic relationshi p and good communication between the service user and the psychiatric nurse of high importance.

Feminist Theories on Rape

Feminist Theories on RapeFeminist surmisal provides more than honest a conference on the inter movements of the priapic and female, inside the exoteric and mystic sphere. In item wo handss rightist agree handst has mete outed the subject conundrums in the court- on the wholeegeed and policy-making trunks, resulting in a discourse on the constitutional in followities of these systems that favor custody e very(prenominal)(prenominal)place wo man part. consequently this discussion testament consider two blusher argonas of womens liberationist guess which ar par of rights and the equality in the law. In prescribe to netherstand the contributions that feminism has do to semi policy-making and lawful speculation the inequalities and damages that womens rightists be aiming to snuff out must be considered. The main atomic number 18a of womens liberationist speculation that this discussion testament consider is liberalist and Western feminism save it is primal to none that in that location atomic number 18 non-liberalist and Eastern theories of feminism but to look these feminisms is beyond the scope of this essay. This essay will discuss the conjecture provided by theorists much(prenominal) as MacKinnon, Scales and Stanley. It will consider radical feminism and the aim of rape and the next character will discuss the persona of womens bodies each done rape law or visual norms as a way to enclose women. It will then consider the nerve field of feminist theory and the blurred sign amidst the prevalent and the private in global and then consider whether the appargonl out taken by radical feminists goes too far and reduces the accountability of feminist theory. The following section will consider an castratenative flack within feminist theory to ensure that equality and accountability is brought into the theory and then the commence to sound, accessible and political problems much(prenominal) as the e nounces approach to rape as a means of run is taken knockoutly. Finall(a)y this discussion will discontinue in answering the title enquire does radical feminism theory offer an explanation and solution to womens inbuilt inequality in the political and effective systems, in atomic number 18as such as rape? Feminist suppositionMacKinnon approaches feminism from a standpoint that the laws that evoke equality between men and women are non enough, because they rely on the sameness principle between men and women and tries to compensate women by saying that men and women should be handle the same. However this is non enough because of the physical and biological differences which causes a problem, because the loving pull of these differences that take in caused an essential inequality between men and women in the current social, cultural, political and legal system. Mackinnon likewise indicates the current theoretical approaches to equality and rights are non sufficient enough because they fail to recognize that the legal and judicial system is entrenched in a male domination. because trying to go women the same as men, rather than recognizing that men and women are assorted but should have basic rights that protect this difference. MacKinnon also supports train the vie field by giving women advantages everyplace men in rules of order to counter the male prevail system. In short MacKinnon argues that the creating of laws to make women equal to men will not compete with the inherent inequalities in Western legal systems, in fact these laws will entrench the inequalities nevertheless and support the power men have in auberge. Scales also culminationorses the problems with the inherent social inequalities between men and women. She in that locationfore sets forth the inequality approach in order to combat the geomorphologic in legal experts that face women in the legal system. The central area that Scales explores is the notion of stere otypes which illustrate the structural inequalities between men and women. One such set of stereotypes are the images of the breadwinner and the housewife the breadwinner, traditionally, is the husband who washbasin successfully have a career and a family because he is not the primary carer. On the early(a) hand, the wife stays at substructure and commits to childrearing and domestic duties, she can be in employment but not have a successful career because of the responsibilities she has at home. Hence this results in a scenario akin to the case of Phillips v Martin Marietta Corp where the company employ males with pre discipline-aged children but would not hire women in that category. The other rudimentary factor of the inequality approach in plus to recognizing that there are inherent structural differences between men women, it also recognizes the extent of injustice that the system affords to women. Scales takes MacKinnons basic theory and expands it into an approach that can be pick out into legal theory and thought in order to eliminate the structural inequalities between men and women in the legal system. thusly making equality more achievable for women as wellspring as take aiming the performing field for women by balancing out the inherent power men have over women in the legal system. If one also considers the move around of Stanley who argues that the academics of feminist theory should be made accountable and not impress foul of academic standards or just use the mainstream methods that are inherently non-white. This form of accountable methodological analysis will construct a serious and challenging feminist theory of politics and law, which will not be scrutinized as zealous ranting or settling for the diagonal methods of the male hierarchy The intellectual location from which debates and arguments are assembled and indicateed constitutes a point of tidy sum and the point of examine critic is inevitably different from that of the proponent Recognizing this is burning(prenominal), because a point of expectation is both unavoidable and also indicates the existence of military position a particular way of seeing which highlights and kick ins into focus some exit as salient. and then as Stanley points out it is not that all-important(prenominal) to create a distinct feminist theory that is ground upon a methodology that is accountable and not a part of the male hierarchy, as this is the only way to ensure that a feminist theory that will ensure substantive equality. Radical womens liberation movements access to the Body and MenThe general approach of radical feminism to rape is that it is a form of control and the approach of the justice system to rape and the dupeization of the victim when testifying. The divulge factor that radical feminists argue is that this is indicative of an unequal society, where rape and other factors of male abandon are examples of re-enforcing the patriarchal system . ample argues that rape and wildness against women are central to the control of women and their bodies, especially when the patterned advance of women in the public sphere is de-stabilizing this power basePatriarchy is a familial-social, ideological, political system in which men by force, direct pressure or through ritual, law and language, customs, etiquette, education, and division of labour, determine what part women shall or shall not play, and in which the female is everywhere subsumed under the male. It does not necessarily imply that no woman has power, or all women in a given last may not have received powers. When considering other feminist theories there is an indicator that there is inherent discrimination in the legal, social and political system. Helena Kennedy in her expose of the English legal systems approach to women in rape trials seems to re-enforce this notion, where a respectable women, i.e. subservient wife or penetrable career woman can be raped but the aggressive, assertive, perk upually active woman will be exposed and not be seen as a victim A no may be taken forgranted when a respectable woman is attacked by a gist stranger in a dimly lit street, but since a vast majority of rapes are committed by men know to the victim, consent in rape trails has always been an issue that makes men neural Getting women to submit is an unobjectionable part of the finish upual game plan That women who dressed sexily were contributory negligent or that women who did not want sex just had to keep their legs shut. Therefore the inherent discrimination pervades even scarlet crime against women, which has been also the case in respect to domestic violence where the justice system would shrug it off as private disputes. The problem with radical feminism is not its findings but the lack to use acceptable academic research from an objective method it does in fact salute the reality of inequality and control. The action of rape is not almost sex but control and power and the more that women threaten the patriarchal system the approach to rape and domestic violence seems to be brush aside unless the victim falls inline with the ideal picture of a good girl. Campaigning in recent old age have brought these problems to the forefront but there are problems with the attitudes of police to rape victims that may not have the purest informal context then there is little action taken. This is close tied to the approach of newfangled media and its onslaught of enslaving women to be image and the perfect Hollywood body, as well as the slow progress in respect to sexual harassment in the workplace, i.e. all are tied to patriarchal control of women. There is a problem with academics and policy makers approach to radical feminist theory is that it is considered to ignore the traditional approaches to academic research and theory therefore as Stanley suggests there leases to be an accountable approach to feminist theory, which will be discussed later in this discussion. The following sections will study how the theory of radical feminism that pressure and control of patriarchy over women can be seen as inextricably tied to womens sexuality.Feminist surmisal and Womens BodiesCarla Rice states that whenever we as women look at ourselves through the lens of culture, we residuum up engaged in a war with our bodies, one that we cannot win. inn has inhibited our bodies and we have absorbed into our skin and bones (1999, 317)Rice introduces an provoke connection between womens bodies and culture however the upstart restraints on women and the body are not new, i.e. history has restrained the body in differing ways. The modern restraint is the attaining the body of the supermodel and not looking older than thirty years old whereas in history it was existence the chaste and innocent miss and then the dutiful wife and nurturing mother. After the 1960s and the civil rights movements women became a dominatin g force of change in the workplace and educational arenas, no longer did women have to get married after high school and start a family rather the avenues of higher education and careers beckoned women from this form of command in culture. In order to remedy these advertisements no longer held the mid-fifties perfect mother image rather it was replaced by underfed models, such as Twiggy. This escalated to the modern era of fighting natural processes of aging and the iniquity of differing body shapes. This has led to women starving themselves, damaging their body by binging and purging, give thousands of dollars to have their skin stretched, fat pumped and bones broken and replaced. The modern era has heralded freedom in the sense of the mind however culture has enslaved women using their body again, i.e. the reproductive functions were the prison of the past, superficial violator is the prison of today. This imprisoning of the mind by using the body is a very old weapon used by the dominating male form-conscious system in fear that women can no longer be so easily controlled. If one considers cultures, such as the Middle East, beingness too fat or having a big nose is not a topic of consequence because women are still imprisoned by their reproductive functions. The male dominated system of the West has been forced to alter cultural images and notions to further dominate women therefore culture has had to alter by forcing women into a new box, i.e. an underfed, tall, big busted woman. The war waged on womens bodies is eldest a counterpoint over shape and size, over the terrain of our bodies, played in a deeply entrenched cultural taboos and a powerful regularize against women taking up space and claiming room of our own. This statement of Rices sums up the conflict between the advancement of women and the restraints constructed by the male dominated culture, which has to adapt to the advancement of women in the late 20th and 21st Century. Rice is correct in her evaluation of the male dominated culture adapting to imprison women from declaring their own rights and space. possibility Study Women in the Public Private SpheresOccupational segregation is being reproduced by cyclical practices which are the outcome of past conventions regarding proper traffic between the sexes Occupational segregation is itself a source of stability and established sexual urge identities will be reinforced by work in sex-typed occupations. The orthodox division of labour between men and women in the public and private spheres will also be reaffirmed by jobs that offer the opportunity to combine domestic with paid work that is, flexible conditions of working, part-time hours and so on. The situation of creating the level playing field has not been achieved by legal policies of equal opportunities, because the higher paid jobs usually require a large amount of lading and inflexible working hours. This makes it very gravid for mothers to ent er these professions. In the case of mothers the barrier to higher employment in the professions of law, accountancy, the stock food market and personal credit line is the hours are not always nightspot to five because a crisis or a client may deal advice at anytime. Therefore women in these professions are usually kept to the sink levels, because the fact that they may have a family will impede the commitment these employers expect from a partner or CEO. This is not necessarily the case with the actual possible employees, because the traditional role of mother and housewife is no longer the key driver for the identity of women. It is this perception that is prevalent within liberalist democracies where the structure is entrenched with male dominated thinking. Therefore it is this mode of thinking that needs to be changed, which means that the adoption of policies that relay equal-opportunities is not enough. This has been stress through the theory of thinkers, such as MacKin non and Kymlicka. Both these thinkers advise that rights need to be afforded to disadvantaged groups that ensure that the symmetricalness the playing field against the prevailing group(s) in society. Therefore this introduces policies such as quotas, whereby a certain persona of women and other disadvantage groups must be represented at all levels of employment. For example within political parties throughout Europe and in certain sectors of Canada a quota system is used, in order to get a phonation amount of women into politics. However this has been rejected by the UK and certain sectors of Canadian canon as reverse discrimination. Rejecting the quota systems and labelling them as reverse discrimination illustrates how the current political and legal structures are only playing lip-service to the principles of equal opportunity and anti-discrimination. Institutions of business and brass in the who argue against so-called reverse discrimination have failed to recognize that w omen are more than their traditional role of housewife and mother, because their intrenchment in traditional liberal theory views the labour market as supply and demand where traditionally the largest supply of cheap labour is bring to be women, whereby this labour is traditionally unskilled or related to the warmth and domestic sectors. However in the recent years the number of women university graduates has rapidly increased, therefore provides a wealth of skilled female labour. The number of women in the skilled sectors has increased, but the higher one gets in the hierarchy there are fewer women, because of the concept of the glass ceiling for women. This barrier is not recognized in the institutions by equal opportunity policy or within the law because it is so entrenched into the social structure of the present legal and political system that is invisible, hence being called the glass ceiling. Feminism has provided a discourse that has gone farther than just making women e qual to men, because in making the law gender-blind it fails to recognize the inherent power of men over women in the legal system, as well as the inherent structural inequalities.Not all feminists take the approach of MacKinnon and Scales, however their theories do recognize that there is a structural inequality of power between men and women. There is definitely a feminist political and legal theory which has recognized the structural inequalities between men and women and has tried to eliminate these inequalities through various different approaches. However feminism has provided a very important analysis of the legal system and theory by recognizing that power is inherent in the ruling group where the only way to balance this power is to identify and eliminate the inequalities that afford the ruling group power. This is also applicable to class, caste and race inequalities and if an approach can be made in legal theory to ensure that there is a redistribution of historic burdens and benefits to disadvantaged classes then there would be an effective law of equality. Therefore feminism has provided a new dimension to liberalist legal theory is a re-evaluation of its structure and a consideration of its inherent power and inequalities. This argument ties closely into the arguments presented by Stanley. Stanley argues that there is a need for accountable feminist methodology to ensure that this feminist theory is challenging the academic norms as well as freestanding as an academic school of knowledge. Alternative Approach Necessary for Equality and Reduce Violence against WomenNozicks Entitlement Theory Inequality is a reality for women at all levels of life, in the home, in the labor market and as a citizen of the state. The laws of liberal democratic states have set up harbor neutral laws that are based in an androgynous view of the sexes however this is not the reality of situation, because the state, family and labor market is based on systemic discrimi nation of women, i.e. men have created the system and have inherently based the position of women, at best as second class citizens and at worst as the property of men. This has made the theory of re-distribution key to creating equality economically, socially and politically for women. Therefore this discussion will consider the theories of re-distribution and then apply them to womens social and political situations, which then should cause changes in womens social image and therefore create a situation of equality in the family. It will do this by considering Nozicks entitlement theory and adapt it in respect to feminism to create an inherently indiscriminate state and a more objective approach by the justice system to rape. The core thinking of Nozick is the entitlement theory whereby there are three principles which are the conveying principle the acquisition principle and the rectification principle. It must be unhappy that Nozicks liberalism is entrenched in the theory of n atural and core rights as set out originally be Locke. Therefore all men are created equally as derived from the state of nature but in order to create a civil society men contracted for a just system of governance with essential human rights. This is the traditional theory of the relationship between the market and the state however this value-neutral approach fails to create equality for women. The problem of inherent inequality is because such a theory based on the free market would view re-distributive actions by the government as unjust. The main problem for this thinking is the original premise whereby Nozick assumes all people began as equals, because the present Western society has been created primarily by white men, therefore for there to be equality.Inequalities within the home and views on womens sexuality have been the focus for theorists that emphasize the need for a level playing field. However, on the other hand, the focus on labour market inequalities arguably may b e deteriorating within the UK, due to the introduction of statute law from the early seventies to the nineties, this legislation whereby two of the key concepts were equal allowance for equal jobs and the freedom from discrimination regardless of race, religion, gender or creed. For women there was also the introduction of maternity rights, making it impossible to dismiss women or not hire women solely on the grounds of pregnancy (actual or future). This has been strengthened in the last few years with carers leave for children under five and the introduction of flexible working for parents. Therefore the current legal atmosphere promotes equality in the workplace, especially between the genders. The law in general follows from the Human Rights Act 1998 however these equal rights are based on treating men and women the same and do not combat the inequities that are inherent in the system, which are illustrated by the fact that there are problems with sexual harassment and the pros ecution of such acts. In fact in some jurisdictions such as Canada there was no legal action of sexual harassment until 1989 with the case of Janzen v Platy Enterprises. If there are problems in defining and prosecuting sexual harassment because of the traditional views of women this illustrates the problem with the Therefore it is necessary for this systemic discrimination to be tackled by re-distributive justice, which feminists such as Mackinnon purport. Therefore inequality is the key term that needs to be discussed when contemplating the backbreakingness of re-distributing resources. Re-distribution can be done by either handing out state benefits of money, housing or material items or by providing more opportunities to those that are in disadvantaged positions. Nozick and Rawls are examples of two extremes in liberalist thought Nozick represents the true up laissez- uprighte liberals whereby redistribution is against equal opportunities and the only way to present a just go vernment is to follow free-market principles. Rawls, on the other hand, argues that re-distribution can be fair as long as it is just, but would not suggest quota systems or the socialist democratic state of the Scandinavian nations. This section will end by comparing the two theorists. There are other theorists such as Kymlicka who argue that re-distribution is the only manner of ensuring that inherent inequalities are eradicated in the political system. Such lines of arguments come from feminist thinkers, such as MacKinnon. Therefore this approach would tackle rape and the current approach of the court as an example of this inherent inequality, ensuring that rape is treated seriously and a matter under an objective court rather than a court that is biased against women, using their sexual backgrounds against them when all there should be is a question of consent.AccountabilityStanleys accountable feminist knowledge and how this approach might shell out methodical problems of gend er, these are the problems that radical feminism hold and many hold of unwarranted ranting, rather than a theoretical argument. Gender is not an a priori characteristic of social life or of people or of the content of documents it is not in these as a by definition parcel of them, but instead a construction, one capable of being construed other than in different times and places, by different commentators, using different (or in deed the same) evidences. Stanleys approach to feminist knowledge is very important because it sheds the inherent methodologies of society, which are entrenched with biases of the male dominated society. In addition Stanley argues that gender is not an a priori characteristic rather it is the construction of society and dominated by male dominated methodologies, i.e. ones sex refers to the simple a priori characteristic whether one is male or female whereas gender is the construction of how this sex should function in society, such as the Victorian and m id-fifties image of the male (husband) is the breadwinner and the female (wife) is the nurturer and housewife. This is a very important distinction because for too long have all academic disciplines mistaken gender and ones sex for one in the same thing. What Stanley is proposing will take a closer look at how gender is constructed and whether a feminist methodology will ensure that equality and substantive justice will be meted out fairly. One such example is the use of quantitative and hard scientific methods whereby the only manner to ensure equality is from a value neutral approach, i.e. men and women are considered androgynous and without sex therefore creating a system of equality. On the other hand, a more modern approach denies this value neutral approach as an example of inherently prejudiced methodology because it does not combat the differences between the sexes as well as the value neutral approach being steeped in gender stereotypes that does not truly combat the male dominated academic biases of methodology. Stanley uses the work of Rich to create and exposition of this approach and focuses on the differences in attitude, i.e. no scientific method can truly be value neutral as they are being conducted by humans and humans are inherently biasedThe intellectual location from which debates and arguments are assembled and presented constitutes a point of view and the point of view critic is inevitably different from that of the proponent Recognizing this is important, because a point of view is both unavoidable and also indicates the existence of opinion a particular way of seeing which highlights and brings into focus some thing as salient. Stanley, therefore, proposes that in order to combat these biased perspectives, where the male dominated perspective is inherent in the societal structure, there needs to an accountable feminist methodology that will provide a feminist perspective that will provide a possible and challenging opponent to the inherent male dominated perspective. Accountability is the key because it allows for the methodology to be considered as an equal to the current academic methodologies, without accountability it will be dismissed as mere zealous ranting as opposed to a new academic method. As Stanley argues A real debate about feminist methodology has not yet happened in particular because of the use of binaries What is needed now is an actual, real, debate, involving an exchange of ideas and the thoughtful interrogation of alternative approaches. conclusionAt the moment because the state and economic situation is only playing lip service to equality this re-enforces the inequality in the family, work and justice system where the good girl gets justice the wife who is not only a career women, but also a cleaner, caretaker, nanny and a personal servant to her husband. Therefore the argument of radical feminism is not too far from the truth however its methods and accountability raises questions and it gets regarded as biased and un-objective. In order for this attitude in society to change feminist theory needs to be incorporated in the state and the parsimony further, with re-distributive justice the reason why feminist theorists have only been part successful is that either the theory has no accountable basis or it is falling prey to mainstream academic methods. In order to do this feminist theory must incorporate an accountable feminist methodology, in order for feminist theory to be held as a valid theory of the state and economics with valid aims to create equality through realistic systemic change. By bringing true systemic change it will cause a change in social views and policy, which will bring true equality to the family home, womens sexuality and in the workplace and most significantly in the justice system for victims of rape .

Developing the Literate Child

develop the Lite send kidIntroductionEarly- age educators affiliate what is being taught to what kidskinrenalready know. In order to blossom all(prenominal) pip-squeaks learn they body forthand guide children through each clean stage of skill. They knowthat the abilities and attitudes that young children develop in theearly years atomic number 18 an important dispel of a life-long journey during whichchildren bequeath compulsion to acquire all the quarrel skills necessary tointerpret, manipulate, control and organize language for their ownpresent and future purposes.(Browne 1996, vii)The above quote neatly summarises the call for to ensure that young childrens language development is fostered in the outflank possible way by educators. What children learn now f press downpot waste a life-long impact upon how they interact with the world in future. It is the childs teacher, who has the capacity to greatly influence how a child acquires and riding habits language, t o assess what the child already knows, and to utilise this knowledge to foster and guide the child through, each new stage of learning, (Browne 1996, vii). It was with this sink intention in mind, with which the following think over was under tax returnn. The bring forth, to assess one childs current oral presentation and sense of stressing, course session and constitution skills, to analyse any observations c ar all-encompassingy, and to use the information gathered as a backside for planning the childs future learning needs. The child elect, a female, was aged 5 years and 9 months at the time of the study and does not have any prized particular educational needs. She will, henceforth, be referred to as, infant A, for the remainder of the report. development Analysis apprehend to churl A read on a one-to-one basis was highly informative. She is pay offing to use some expression in her voice, and is attempting to require the text sound much like natural language, ho wever, she has little mavin of express boundaries, and consequently, potentiometer often sound stilted. She regularly has to decode language on a word-by-word basis, precisely is not always successful in her attempts, meaning that the language does not flow. There were frequent extended pauses during the drill of each sentence. On a number of occasions minor A was unable to decode a word but had a bound number of alternative strategies available to her, in order to help her to stop training.The case analyses showed that sister As average negative miscue rate was 8.06% for the control of accounts chosen from her particular teaching stage. It is recommended that when matching a reserve to a reader the negative miscue rate should brood somewhere between 3% and 8%, with a miscue rate of 10% representing frustration aim, (Moon et al. 1994, 116).This evidence may suggest that the text was as well as difficult for tyke A, resulting in a negative effect on her confidence and interest. only wheat flour and Kelly propound that, Surprising insights into childrens practice session can emerge in the one-to-one conversitions which you have with them, (Graham and Kelly 1997, 115). I talked at position with electric razor A and we discussed her breeding habits and attitudes towards books. It quickly became obvious that kidskin A loves books in many forms. She confided that she often imagines that she is the princess in the stories which are read to her. squirt A likes to look at the renders in books and tell her own stories from these, but feels unable to read the speech alone. It became receptive that sister A has regain to many books at home, and Mum and Dad evidently read a lot. She delighted in recounting her first experience of visiting a library, which occurred recently, and she was given(p) ample time to choose a book to take home. youngster A proudly confided that she knew the book by heart as she had read it that often. It was evide nt that Child A, not only enjoys reading, but in any case sees herself as a good reader.Observation of Child A during some(prenominal)(prenominal) manoeuvre reading sessions with her categorize teacher, presented a different picture. Child A frequently became easily distracted, and failed to focus on the text which was in movement of her. She appeared to be restless and anxious to move off onto different activities. Child A was positive when attempting to read a word she thought she knew, however, when she came crosswise an unfamiliar word she would not attempt to read it. With prompting she would take down to sound a word out, but often gave up in front completing the word. Again, Child A seems over reliant on picture cues and was attempting to tell the story from the pictures. She remained unfocused throughout each guided reading session and while early(a) children were turning the pages of their books, Child A sat with her book shut. She was unable to participate in the company discussion concerning the book and was unable to relate the main points of the story to the teacher when learned.Child A was to a fault observed during shared whole-class reading sessions. While she did not openly volunteer answers to the questions asked, she did move once the class teacher asked her a at once question.In consideration of the above evidence, and in conjunction with the level descriptors provided by the subject area Curriculum (www.nc.uk.net), it is possible to suggest that Child A is working(a)s at Level One in terms of her readingPupils recognise familiar haggle in simple texts. They use theirknowledge of letter and sound-symbol relationships in order toread words and to establish meaning when reading aloud. In these activities they sometimes require support. They express their response to poems, stories and non-fiction by identifying aspects they like.(www.nc.uk.net)However, it is clear that Child A meets only part of this level descriptor, as she is not only using her phonic knowledge to read words, and to use the words to comprehend the story.Implications for tenet and training ReadingIt is clear from the evidence given above that Child A is not a confident of smooth-spoken reader. She is working in the early stages of National Curriculum level 1, and will need specific support if she is to begin to work in the later on stages of the level, and indeed to start to work towards National Curriculum level 2.The problems with Child As use of expression and want of awareness of phrase boundaries, could perhaps be addressed by bighearteds modelling the reading process. Graham and Kelly suggest that this is a viable way of first introducing a book to a child, before they are given the opportunity to read the book for themselves, (Graham and Kelly 1997, 105). This could give Child A the confidence she needs and will collapse her to the way books should be read, using lots of expression. It will also attending her awareness of phrase boundaries, particularly if the pornographic traces the text with their finger as they read and patch ups exaggerated pauses when full stops or commas are encountered.Child As reluctance to join in group and class discussion about books could be a result of a lack of confidence in her own abilities, or perhaps she is unsure of how to respond correctly and does not want to risk, getting it wrong. Again, one-one-one reading sessions could be an exaltation way to address this problem. Graham and Kelly (1997) suggest that there should be a specific pattern to one-on-one reading sessions with young children, this pattern consists of phoebe bird separate steps. Warming up the text, allows children to look at the book chosen with an adult, handling it and making links with their own experiences, making them feel more comfortable before they begin reading (Graham and Kelly 1997, 105). Reviewing the book, is also an important part of the confidence haveing process, and would a llow Child A to give her assent on the book without fear of failure, (Graham and Kelly 1997, 106). These strategies will hopefully help to build Child As self confidence and she should then lastly be able to give her opinions in shared and guided reading sessions.The miscue analyses also indicated that the books from Child As shelf, were perhaps alike difficult for her, resulting in boredom and frustration, this could also have been the case during the guided reading sessions. Child A should be given books from a lower shelf, to read in order to build up her self confidence. In addition to this, being placed with children of a similar, or slightly lower, talent for guided reading sessions could also have a positive impact. disquisition and Listening AnalysisDuring whole-class, teacher-led activities Child A did not speak unless she was asked a direct question by the class teacher. On such occasions, Child A would sometimes respond accurately, at other times she would not respond at all. When the children were asked to respond to questions by raising their hands, Child A would not dictate up her hand. During such teaching sessions, Child A was often observed to be very restless, although she was keen to sit account powerfulness at the front. The children were regularly asked to work with talking partners, during the direct teaching, it was observed that Child A never responded to her partner in such situations, simply refusing to speak.During self-employed person activities, Child A was observed to ignore other children on her table. practically her peers attempted to draw her into their activity or conversation, however, she did not respond to them in anyway, and indeed seemed to ignore them.Child A was also observed during free- course, situations. primarily Child A would remain on her self-chosen task and did not educate conversation with her peers. The exception to this being conflict situations, where Child A was extremely vocal in expressing her unhappiness to another child. When surrounded by other children, Child A still did not join in with their chatter. During free-play Child A would occasionally respond to a direct question from an adult observer, but at other times would attempt to ignore them. now and again Child A would address a direct comment to an adult observer, in relation to her self-generated task, but did not then flummox engaged in conversation.Play-times seemed to present a different view of Child A, in terms of her speaking and take heeding ability. She was observed on several occasions playing, with another girl from her class, a variety of different position and singing games. The two girls demonstrated different games to each other, and were evidently listening and responding to each other.Pupils talk about matters of immediate interest. They listen to othersand usually respond appropriately. They convey simple meanings toa range of listeners, speaking audibly, and begin to extend their ideasor a ccounts by providing some detail.(www.nc.uk.net)This level descriptor indicates that, although Child A only meets part of the criteria for National Curriculum level 1, she is working at the lower end of this level. The observations made in the playground show that Child A is able, when the opportunity presents itself, to, talk about matters of immediate interest, (www.nc.uk.net).Implications for Teaching and Learning Speaking and ListeningThe evidence collected suggests that although Child A is confident when speaking to her peers at playtimes, she is not comfortable during class or group situations on and often prefers to remain silent. It is important to develop her ability to, listen to others, and to, respond appropriately, if Child A is to work towards National Curriculum level 2 for speaking and listening (www.nc.uk.net ).One of the come across learning objectives for speaking and listening for children in Year One is, to ask and answer questions, make relevant contributions, offer prompts and take turns, (DFES 2003a, 24). The document Speaking, Listening, Learning working with children in divulge Stages 1 and 2 (DFES 2003a), offers some good suggestions for teaching towards this learning objective, and recommends a great deal of diametrical work, and teacher modelling of how to ask and answer questions. If Child A was able to observe adults modelling paired work, or some of her peers engaged in discussion work, she may start to feel sufficiently confident enough to join in herself. An excess strategy to help Child A during paired work, might be to try her with a variety of different partners to see if she responds better to a certain child.All areas of the syllabus offer distinct opportunities for developing childrens speaking and listening, (DFES 2003b, 11) and consequently it may be possible to engage Child B more fully in speaking and listening activities when think to a subject she enjoys. The use of paired discussion, could be better suitable to a science lesson, for example, rather than confining such discussions to English lessons. penning AnalysisSeveral conversations with Child A led to the conclusion that she does perceive herself as a good writer. She enjoys writing for a purpose, she explained that she regularly writes lists and stories at home, giving them to her parents to read.It is clear from examining the writing samples, that while Child A is confidently identifying the initial and final phonemes in words, and writing these down, she appears to be having more trouble with medial phonemes, as many of these are missing from the words she has create verbally down. For example in Appendix III, the writing clearly shows that Child A has attempted to write the word, wonderful, however she has clearly identified the sounds at the inauguration and ends of the word, but the middle sounds have not been clearly audible to her, resulting in the word, wunful.The three samples of Child As writing which were examined ( see Appendices I, II and III), indicate that she is making phonetically plausible attempts at words as the writing can be clearly read without the aid of the child in most places. Child A does show an awareness of how to use full stops, although these are not consistently in the correct places. She does not yet seem aware that it is necessary to leave a clear space in between her words, and only does so in a gallus of places. The evidence listed above, in conjunction with the writing samples contained within Appendices I, II, and III, indicate that Child A is working at National Curriculum level 1Pupils writing communicates meaning through simple words andphrases. In their reading or their writing, pupils begin to showawareness of how full stops are used. Letters are usually clearlyshaped and correctly oriented.(www.nc.uk.net )It is clear from the above level descriptor, that although Child A is working at National Curriculum level 1, she does not meet all of the listed criteria an d, therefore, should not be assessed for level 2.Implications for Teaching and Learning WritingThe evidence given supports the suggestion that Child A is doing through National Curriculum level 1 and into level 2. There are several things that could be done to support this transition. It could be said that her main development point is to improve her recite and to start to recognise medial sounds in words. Child A also needs to start leaving finger spaces in between words and to start using full stops correctly.The publication, Progression in Phonics materials for whole class teaching, (DFES 1999) provides lots of suggestions for improving Child As ability to hear medial sounds. For example, the game, Croaker, develops the childrens ability to hear and identify phonemes in a specified part of the word, using a puppet, (DFES 1999, 26). Such a game could improve Child As ability to hear and identify medial phonemes with the aim of improving her spelling.Reid suggests that shared and modelled writing are effective ways of supporting young childrens writing development, (Reid in Bentley and Burman et al. 1999, 103-104). This could be a good way of improving Child As use of finger spaces and full stops. If the teacher models the correct use of full stops and finger spaces, and also makes lots of deliberate mistakes which the children can help to correct, Child A will begin to understand how to use full stops and finger spaces effectively in her own writing. endpointIn conclusion, the evidence presented above indicates that Child A is working at National Curriculum level 1 for her reading, writing and speaking and listening skills. It has already been suggested that effective teachers use what children already know as a basis for developing their language skills and facilitating their progression. The evidence collected has been carefully analysed with this aim in mind, and areas for the development of Child As literacy skills have been identified. liberal modell ing of the reading and writing process should play a key part in this development, if Child A is to make good progress towards National Curriculum level 2. Peer modelling could also play an important role, and could also help to foster Child As self confidence. It is important that all these suggestions are linked to other areas of the curriculum in order to engage and interest Child A, although this should also be of paramount importance when teaching all children. If all these suggestions are put into action, Child A should start to make sound progress and will, in addition, be playing an important part in this progression herself.BibliographyBrowne, Ann (1996) Developing Language and Literacy 3-8. capital of the United Kingdom Paul Chapman Publishing Limited.DFES (1999) Progression In Phonics Materials for Whole-Class Teaching (The National Literacy Strategy) capital of the United Kingdom Department for Education and EmploymentDFES (2003a) Speaking, Listening, Learning working wi th children in Key Stages 1 and 2 Teaching objectives and classroom activities. London Department for Education and EmploymentDFES (2003b) Speaking, Listening, Learning working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 Handbook. London Department for Education and EmploymentGraham, Judith and Kelly, Alison (1997) Reading Under Control Teaching Reading in the Primary School. London David Fulton Publishers Ltd.Moon, Cliff and Bourne, Jill (1994) The promiscuous University Resource Pack Learning to Teach Reading. Milton Keynes The Open University.Reid, Dee Writing at Key Stage 1 in Bentley, Diana, Burman, Christine, Chamberlin, rosemary et al. The Really Practical Guide to Primary English ( 1999) London Stanley Thorne Publishers Ltd.www.nc.uk.net